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项目名称
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章节号
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测试方法
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Rated capacity
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5
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This test is intended to measure the capacity expressed in Ah of battery, cells/modules when discharged at a constant current. The rated capacity shall be the 3 h capacity at a temperature of 25 °C declared by the manufacturer, unless otherwise specified.
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Test cycle without regenerative charging
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6.4.1
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The dynamic capacity Cda (measured in ampere-hours (Ah)) is the amount of discharge when cells are discharged according to the repeated cycle described in 6.2 starting with a battery, charged and stored according to 4.5, to a final discharge voltage of Uf (V) per cell.
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Test cycle with regenerative charging
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6.4.2
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The dynamic capacity Cdar (measured in ampere-hours (Ah)) is the net amount of discharge (regenerative charge capacity subtracted from the total discharged capacity) when cells are discharged according to the repeated cycle described in 6.3 starting with a battery, charged and stored according to 4.5, to a final discharge voltage of Uf (V) per cell.
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Test cycle without regenerative charging
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7.3
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The dynamic endurance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle as defined in 6.2 (see Figure 1 and Table 2).
The discharge cycle duration shall be fixed to 80 % of the value obtained when the battery was tested according to 6.2, and assessed according to 6.4.1, prior to the endurance test.
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Test cycle with regenerative charging
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7.4
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The dynamic endurance cycle shall be represented by a 60 s repeated micro-cycle as defined in 6.3 (see Figure 2 and Table 2).
The discharge cycle duration shall be fixed to 80 % of the value obtained when the battery was tested according to 6.3, and assessed according to 6.4.2, prior to the endurance test.
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Endurance test
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7.5
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7.5.1 Charge conditions
The recharge shall follow within 1 h after the previous discharge. The charge profile, as stated by the manufacturer, preferably should allow for a full recharge within 8 h.
7.5.2 Rest after charge
After the recharge, the battery shall be stored for 1 h to 4 h.
7.5.3 Discharge
The discharge shall be carried out using the test cycle described in 7.3 or 7.4.
7.5.4 Cycling frequency
When possible, the charge and rest periods shall be arranged to allow at least two charge/discharge cycles per day.
7.5.5 Capacity check
At regular intervals of 50 cycles, a dynamic discharge performance test shall be performed according to 6.2 or 6.3 to record the capacity development.
7.5.6 Reconditioning
A reconditioning cycle specified by the manufacturer is allowed at intervals of not less than 50 charge/discharge cycles.
7.5.7 End-of-life criterion
The end of life is reached when the capacity falls to 80 % of the capacity obtained when the battery was tested according to 6.2 or 6.3, prior to the endurance test, or less on two consecutive cycles. The endurance test is then considered as completed.
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Determination of battery energy content
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8.4.2
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The battery energy content shall be measured using the reference test cycle described in 8.3. The battery system shall be tested continuously by repeating the basic current discharge micro-cycle at the agreed power levels. The test shall be terminated at the end of the micro-cycle when the battery is no longer able to deliver the required power or when the discharge is terminated by the BMS. The reason for test termination shall be declared in the test records. A continuous record of battery system voltage shall be made during the test. The test cycle values that were used, the total number of micro-cycles, the total watt-hours (Wh) removed during the discharge portions of the test and the total Wh returned during the simulated regenerative braking portions of the test shall be recorded and declared. The battery energy content shall be declared as the net Wh output i.e., the difference between the total Wh removed and the total Wh returned.
The BMS may terminate on the basis of ampere-hours, temperature, voltage or for any other reason associated with battery longevity or safety.
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Benchmark energy content
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8.4.3
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Following initial conditioning of a new battery system, the reference test cycle shall be repeated a total of 10 times at a rate of one cycle per day, to establish the consistency of the measured capacity. The net energy removed during each of the 10 tests shall be recorded and the net energy removed during the final test shall be recorded and declared as the benchmark energy content.
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Life testing
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8.5
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The reference test cycle shall be used to determine battery life. The battery shall be discharged until 80 % of its benchmark energy content is removed or until the end of the micro-cycle in which 80 % of the energy is removed. The battery shall then be recharged, with the recharge starting within 1 h of the end of discharge. When the recharge is complete, the discharge shall be started within 1 h.
The start of discharge may be delayed in order to fit in with the normal working practices of the test laboratory.
Every 50 cycles, the battery energy content shall be determined using the benchmark test cycle. This will establish the actual energy content of the battery and allow the measurement of other parameters. During this test, a continuous record of battery system voltage shall be made so that other battery system parameters may be determined. In addition, the total number of micro-cycles, the total Wh removed and the total Wh returned shall be recorded and declared as the battery energy content at this stage of the life test programme.
It is permissible for the battery manufacturer to utilise a conditioning procedure immediately after the completion of the full benchmark energy content test, if required.
The life test shall be terminated when the energy delivered falls to below 80 % of the reference energy content. The number of reference test cycles shall be recorded and declared as the battery life.
The intervals between the battery energy content tests may be modified to give approximately 10 of these tests during the anticipated lifetime of the battery.
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Determination of maximum power and battery resistance
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8.6
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Maximum deliverable power is defined, for the purpose of this standard, as the power at which the current that is drawn depresses the battery terminal voltage to 2/3 of the open circuit value. The value of maximum power and battery resistance shall be calculated from the voltage and current measurements made throughout the battery energy content test in the life testing programme, by recording the values for voltage and current at the ends of steps 14 and 15 of Table 3 or Table 4. For the purposes of this calculation, the discharge resistance and the open circuit voltage shall be calculated using the differences in current and voltage at these two points, and the discharge resistance shall be assumed to be linear between zero current and maximum power.
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Charge efficiency during normal operation
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8.7.1.1
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The charge efficiency shall be calculated by recording the energy input to the battery and the energy output from the battery during each discharge/charge cycle, or selected discharge/charge cycles, of the battery life testing programme. Measurement of charge efficiency shall include the losses associated with the use of BMS, if used. It shall also include the losses associated with any maintenance or equalising charges needed during the life-testing programme.
The battery efficiency shall be calculated from the energy input to the battery and the energy output from the battery and declared for each battery capacity test conducted during the life testing programme.
The charge efficiency may be determined for discharge to other states of charge (e.g. 80 % depth of discharge (DOD)), though separate tests will be required to establish these results.
If required, the efficiency of the charger may also be measured during this test, though the procedure for doing this is outside the scope of this standard.
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Rapid charging
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8.7.1.2
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The battery system shall be discharged to the end of the micro-cycle at which 60 % of the benchmark energy content is removed i.e., to 40 % state of charge (SOC), and shall be rapidly recharged to 80 % SOC, in accordance with the instructions of the battery manufacturer. The energy content shall be measured, using the reference test cycle to fully discharge the battery system, and the effectiveness of the rapid charging procedure at replacing the energy shall be assessed. The rapid charging method, the Wh returned to the battery during the rapid charging process and the energy content shall be declared.
Tests to determine the ability of the battery system to accept rapid charge may be made on sub-systems of the complete battery system. The battery sub-system shall be prepared in the same way as the complete battery system and the benchmark energy content confirmed.
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Partial discharge testing
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8.7.2
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The battery system shall be discharged to the end of the micro-cycle representing 20 % of the benchmark capacity i.e., to 80 % SOC, and then recharged in the normal way. This test shall be repeated a total of 20 times at a rate of one test cycle per day. The battery shall then be subjected to the battery capacity test of 8.4.3, and the battery capacity recorded and declared. The battery capacity test may be repeated up to 5 times, to assess any capacity recovery effects.
In this case, the measured capacity after each test shall be recorded and declared. This test may be repeated using 50 % SOC as the depth of discharge, if required.
Some battery systems may require a conditioning cycle to be carried out at regular intervals if partial discharge testing is carried out on a continuous basis. In this case, the use of a conditioning cycle shall be declared and the details shall be recorded.
Tests to determine the effects of partial discharge testing may be made on sub-systems of the complete battery system.
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Measurement of self discharge
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8.7.3
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The battery system shall be fully charged in the normal way and allowed to stand, unconnected to any external supply, for a period of 30 days at the ambient reference temperature (25 °C). At the end of this period, the energy shall be measured according to 8.4.2, and the results recorded. The energy loss shall be declared as the loss due to self-discharge during the stand period.
To measure the permanent self-discharge loss, fully charge the battery system after this test and carry out again the discharge according to 8.4.2 at the ambient reference temperature. Then, energy loss shall be declared.
An external device may be necessary to maintain the battery in its operational state. In this case, the power consumption should be included in the calculation of self discharge.
This test may be carried out for other durations of stand and at other ambient temperatures. Preferred values for alternative durations are two days and five days. Preferred values for alternative ambient temperatures are 20 °C and +40 °C. If the self-discharge test is to be carried out at the alternative temperatures, the capacity of the battery at these temperatures shall first be established by conducting the tests described in 8.4.2 and 8.4.3, at these ambient temperatures.
Tests to measure the self-discharge characteristics of the battery system may be made on sub-system of the complete battery system. In this case, any parasitic loads on the battery shall be simulated and scaled to represent those appropriate to the full size battery system.
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Continuous discharge at maximum vehicle system power
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8.8.1
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It is possible to operate the vehicle continuously at high power in a number of conditions. Examples of such operation would be prolonged hill climbing or prolonged towing of another vehicle (or both).
The battery shall be fully charged in the normal way and discharged at the maximum power level of the vehicle system, established for use in the reference test cycle (see 8.3.2). Current and voltage shall be recorded continuously. The test shall be terminated when any of the limits imposed by the battery manufacturer are reached. The test shall record the duration for which maximum power can be sustained and the power/time curve allowed by the BMS if discharge is allowed to continue at reduced power.
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Recharge at maximum regenerative power as a function of state of charge
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8.8.2
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While the operation of the vehicle in town does not normally permit high levels of regenerative power to be sustained, this is not necessarily the case when the vehicle is being towed or being used to commute to or from an out-of-town location. The worst operating condition is normally when the battery is required to accept maximum regenerative power at top of charge. The BMS, if present, would prevent such a possibility by signalling to the vehicle drive system to reduce regenerative power. The vehicle manufacturer shall be made aware of the interfacing requirement before attempting to carry out such a test.
The reference test cycle shall be used to discharge the battery to the specific depth of discharge, 0 % or minimum value allowed by BMS, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % or maximum value allowed by BMS. The battery system shall then be subjected to maximum regenerative braking power established for use in the reference test cycle (see 8.3.2), for 15 min. Current, voltage and temperature shall be recorded continuously. The test shall be terminated when the limits of the vehicle system or when any of the limits imposed by the battery manufacturer are reached.
The test shall record the duration for which maximum regenerative power can be sustained, and the power time curve allowed by the BMS, if recharge is allowed to continue at reduced power.
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